An unexpected ally in the fight against cancer may emerge from the herpesvirus family. Scientists have engineered a protein derived from a monkey herpesvirus, demonstrating its potential to significantly bolster the immune system’s ability to combat cancerous cells. This innovative approach could pave the way for more potent cancer treatments.
Researchers at the University of Michigan have detailed this breakthrough concerning the engineered protein in a recent paper published in Science Immunology. Their experiments, conducted on mice, revealed that this novel protein extended the lifespan of cancer-fighting T cells, consequently leading to diminished tumor growth. These findings suggest a new avenue for enhancing existing immune-based cancer therapies.
The protein originates from herpesvirus saimiri, a virus primarily found in squirrel monkeys (all members of the genus Saimiri). The research team identified that this virus harbors proteins capable of activating specific pathways within T cells—critical immune cells that defend against infections and cancers—thereby prolonging their survival. They subsequently developed a modified version of a specific viral protein, known as tyrosine kinase interacting protein (TIP). The goal was for this engineered TIP to bind to a particular protein within T cells, stimulating the production of other proteins called STAT, which in turn would enhance T cell longevity and their tumor-destroying capabilities.
As anticipated, the engineered protein increased levels of STAT proteins (specifically STAT5) in T cells cultured in vitro. Following this, the researchers tested the protein’s efficacy in mice afflicted with melanoma and lymphoma. The results were significant: T cells in the treated mice exhibited prolonged survival and demonstrated enhanced efficiency in eliminating tumor cells, leading to a notable reduction in cancer growth.
Scientists at the University of Michigan propose that this engineered protein could serve as a powerful adjunct to current immunotherapies. “Our findings demonstrate that signaling pathways can be rewired in T cells to sustain their function in solid tumors,” the researchers stated in the paper. Immunotherapy, a treatment modality that amplifies the body’s natural immune response against cancer, could be significantly boosted by ensuring T cells remain active and effective for longer periods. This research also opens doors to exploring how other microorganisms or their genetic material could be modified to improve our immune cells’ cancer-fighting prowess.
While this engineered protein is still experimental and requires more research to confirm its safety and efficacy in humans, it signifies a promising advancement. Other herpesviruses are also being harnessed for cancer therapy; modified herpes simplex 1 virus (HSV-1), for instance, is being developed to directly eradicate tumors, showing encouraging early results in human trials. This field holds considerable potential for future cancer treatments.
