Iron deficiency is a surprisingly common problem in the United States, impacting roughly one in three adults, according to new research. This significant finding, published in JAMA Network Open, highlights the potential for a widespread, yet underrecognized public health issue.
This study, led by scientists at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, delves into the prevalence of both absolute and functional iron deficiency among American adults. Absolute iron deficiency refers to insufficient stored iron in the body, while functional iron deficiency signifies adequate iron stores but an inability to utilize it effectively.
The research team analyzed data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES), a nationally representative study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This survey collects information on the dietary and lifestyle habits of American adults and includes blood tests measuring iron levels and other key markers.
The analysis revealed that approximately 14% of participants had absolute iron deficiency, and another 15% had functional iron deficiency. While iron deficiency is often associated with anemia—a condition characterized by a lack of healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin—the study found a significant prevalence of iron deficiency even among individuals without anemia or other related health conditions. Specifically, 11% of those without anemia, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, or pregnancy still had absolute iron deficiency, and 15% had functional iron deficiency.
Iron plays a crucial role in numerous bodily functions, especially red blood cell production. Consequently, low iron levels can negatively impact overall health. While iron-deficiency anemia is known to cause or increase the risk of various health problems, such as hair loss, fatigue, and heart issues, iron deficiency itself, even without anemia, has been linked to other conditions. These include restless leg syndrome, impaired cognitive function, and potentially even a higher risk of premature death.
Surprisingly, the researchers found no clear correlation between low iron levels and dietary iron intake, food security, or alcohol consumption among the study participants. Further research is needed to fully understand the underlying risk factors for iron deficiency and the specific health implications of functional iron deficiency.
The study authors emphasize the potential need for revised screening guidelines for low iron. Current recommendations primarily focus on individuals at higher risk of iron deficiency. However, the widespread prevalence revealed in this study suggests a broader screening approach may be warranted. Additionally, the study found infrequent use of iron supplements among individuals with iron deficiency, indicating a lack of awareness regarding their low iron status.
In conclusion, this study highlights the substantial prevalence of both absolute and functional iron deficiency among American adults, including those without typically screened conditions. These findings underscore the importance of further research to explore risk factors, health consequences, and the potential need for broader screening practices to address this underrecognized public health concern.
