The skeletal remains of 64 boys, many of whom were related, have been discovered in a subterranean chamber near Chichén Itzá’s Sacred Cenote, revealing new insights into ancient Maya sacrificial practices. Genetic analysis suggests that these children, some as young as toddlers, were ritually sacrificed over a period spanning at least 500 years.
Researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, utilizing radiocarbon dating and genetic testing, determined that the chamber, known as a chultun, was in use between the early 7th and mid-12th centuries. The genetic analysis of 64 individuals confirmed they were all male, with approximately 25% sharing close familial relationships. This suggests that entire family lines, likely those with social standing, were selected for sacrifice.
Chichén Itzá’s Sacred Cenote.Chichén Itzá’s Sacred Cenote. Photo: Salhedine
Isotopic analysis of bone collagen revealed insights into the victims’ diets, indicating that some families, possibly those in positions of power, had access to more privileged nutrition. This finding reinforces the theory that social status played a significant role in the selection process for sacrifice.
Ritualistic Sacrifice and the Significance of Twins
The prevalence of related individuals, including possible twins, in the chultun echoes themes found in Maya mythology. The Maya Hero Twins myth, recounting the tale of twins who defeated the Lords of Death and became the Sun and Moon, offers a potential connection to these ritualistic practices. The Sacred Cenote, a natural sinkhole, was considered a portal to the underworld and associated with vital resources like water and rain, making it a focal point for rituals aimed at ensuring agricultural prosperity.
A part of Chichén Itzá’s reconstructed skull rack (note the skulls).A part of Chichén Itzá’s reconstructed skull rack.
Comparisons with Other Mesoamerican Sites
The discovery of predominantly male victims at Chichén Itzá aligns with findings from other Mesoamerican sites, such as the Templo Mayor in Central Mexico. However, it contrasts with other locations, like the Tlatelolco site, where female remains are more prevalent. This suggests that the sex of the deity to whom the sacrifice was offered might have influenced the selection of victims.
Genetic Continuity and Adaptation in the Maya Population
Genetic comparisons between the chultun remains and modern-day Maya populations reveal a significant degree of genetic continuity. However, some genetic variations related to disease immunity, particularly resistance to Salmonella enterica, were identified. This suggests adaptation to new diets and diseases introduced after the Spanish conquest. The presence of Salmonella aligns with evidence from a colonial-era mass grave in Oaxaca linked to a 1545 pandemic.
Conclusion: A Glimpse into Ancient Maya Beliefs and Practices
This discovery sheds new light on the complex religious beliefs and practices of the ancient Maya. While Chichén Itzá thrived for centuries, the findings in the chultun reveal a darker side, where child sacrifice, particularly of boys from influential families, played a significant role in their rituals and worldview. This research underscores the importance of archaeological and genetic studies in uncovering the complexities of ancient civilizations.
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