The Last Glacial Maximum, a period of intense cold during the last Ice Age, posed significant challenges to human survival. While fire was essential, archaeological evidence of hearths from this period, particularly in Europe between 26,500 and 19,000 years ago, is surprisingly scarce. A recent study of three prehistoric hearths in Ukraine, published in Geoarchaeology, offers valuable insights into the sophisticated pyrotechnology employed by hunter-gatherers during this frigid era.
Fire played a crucial role, not just for warmth, but also for cooking, toolmaking, and social interaction. Although evidence confirms fire use throughout the Upper Paleolithic period (45,000 to 10,000 years ago), a 7,500-year gap coinciding with the Ice Age’s coldest period presents a puzzle. The Ukrainian hearths, excavated at the Korman’ 9 archaeological site and dating back 23,000 to 21,000 years ago, offer a rare glimpse into fire use during this critical period.
Sophisticated Pyrotechnology Unveiled
Researchers utilized advanced geoarchaeological methods, including microstratigraphic analysis, micromorphology, and colorimetric analysis, to examine the hearths. These analyses revealed that the fires reached temperatures exceeding 1,112 degrees Fahrenheit (600 degrees Celsius). Such high temperatures suggest a deep understanding of fire-building principles, as hotter flames indicate more efficient combustion.
Large Fireplace
While all three hearths were open and flat, their construction and use varied, likely reflecting seasonal adaptations. One larger, thicker hearth, likely the one achieving the highest temperatures, suggests a specific purpose, perhaps for extended use or specialized activities. This indicates a controlled and adaptable approach to fire management.
Fueling the Flames: Wood and Bone?
Spruce wood appears to have been the primary fuel source. However, the discovery of burnt animal bones, some heated to over 650 degrees Celsius, raises the possibility of bone and fat being used as fuel. This would signify an even more advanced level of pyrotechnological skill. Further investigation is underway to determine whether the bones were intentionally used as fuel or were burnt accidentally.
Unraveling the Mysteries of Ice Age Fire Use
These Ukrainian hearths provide a fascinating window into the lives of Ice Age hunter-gatherers and their mastery of fire. They demonstrate a level of sophistication in fire building and management that went beyond simply staying warm. While these three hearths provide crucial data, further research is needed to fully understand the complexities of pyrotechnology during the Last Glacial Maximum and to close the gap in the archaeological record. This research underscores the importance of fire as a pivotal technology in human survival during one of the most challenging periods in our history.
Conclusion
The study of these prehistoric hearths in Ukraine provides valuable insight into the sophisticated use of fire by Ice Age hunter-gatherers. Their ability to achieve high temperatures and potentially utilize bone and fat as fuel demonstrates a deep understanding of fire technology. While these findings shed light on survival strategies during the Last Glacial Maximum, further research is crucial to fully understand the extent of pyrotechnological knowledge during this era.
